12. desember 2024

SKIN

 

 

Skin Disease

 

       

Hudrynker                                                                                             Hud med lite soleksponering                                                    Dårlig barbert

 

 

 

Normal Skin Histology – Explained by a Dermatopathologist

 

 

 

 

Pathologist Involvement in Patient Support Groups on Facebook

World Health Organization Classification of Tumours Series Editors Paul Kleihues, M.D. Leslie H. Sobin, M.D. Pathology and Genetics of Skin Tumours

Psoriasis – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

 

 

Inflammatory Skin Disease Every Pathologist Should Know

 

Histopathology Skin–Parapsoriasis

 

Rare amøbe skin 2010-05_D’Auria. Amøber i huden. Cutaneous amoebiasis.

 

Histopathology of Skin Cancer

 

Gross Appearance and Histology of Skin Cancer

 

 

 

A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO ATYPICAL MELANOCYTIC LESIONS BIJAN

Billings_Practical Problems in Melanocytic Tumors

 

Malignent melanoma histologic criteria

 

Histopathology Skin–Melanoma in situ

 

Histopathology Skin –Malignant melanom

 

 

 

 

Spindle Cell Melanocytic Tumors. Martin C. Mihm M.D.

Histopathology Skin–Squamous cell carcinoma

Recognizing Melanocytic Lesions. James E. Fitzpatrick, M.D. University of Colorado Health Sciences Center

 

FISH in Spitz Nävi. Ein ungelöstes Problem. L. Mazzucchelli Istituto cantonale di patologia, Locarno, Schweiz

MALIGNANT SKIN TUMORS BY DR MAHESH MATHUR, MD,DVD,DCP(UK)

Histologic criteria for diagnosing primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. Bruce R Smoller Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA

 

Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) vs mimics (spindle cell melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, etc)

 

Atypical Spitz Tumors. A Diagnostic Challenge. Kelly L. Harms, MD, PhD; Lori Lowe, MD; Douglas R. Fullen, MD; Paul W. Harms, MD, PhD

 

Cutaneous mucinoses.Nathan C. Walk. M.D.

 

Cutaneous Adnexal Tumors Lesions with Predominant Follicular Differentiation Special Emphasis on Basal Cell Carcinoma. Prof. Dr. med. Katharina Glatz

 

Skin Adnexal Tumors in Plain Language. A Practical Approach for the General Surgical Pathologist. Edward H. Fulton, MD; Jennifer R. Kaley, MD; Jerad M. Gardner, MD

 

An overview of hair follicle
tumours
Zlatko Marusic
Eduardo Calonje                                       file:///C:/Users/big/AppData/Local/Temp/Rar$DIa11096.26010/An-overview-of-hair-follicle-tumours_2020_Diagnostic-Histopathology.pdf

 

Adnexal Tumors of the Skin Overview. Paul K Shitabata,M.D. Dermatopathologist. APMG

 

ASCP. Cutaneous Adnexal Neoplasms: Classification And A Practical Diagnostic Approach. David S. Cassarino, MD, PhD, FASCP

 

Simplified approach to cutaneous adnexal tumors Chandra Smart, MD Associate Clinical Professor UCLA Department of Pathology

 

Tumours of the skin. Máirín E. McMenamin MB MRCPI FRCPath Dip (Dermatopathol) RCPath St. James’s Hospital and University of Dublin, Trinity College

 

Histopathology Skin, lip–Basal cell carcinoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) – Dermpath Basics Explained by a Dermatopathologist

 

Vascular Tumors of the Skin – Explained by a Soft Tissue Pathologist

 

 

 

 

 

Bullous diseases of the Skin. Dr Jon Oxley Southmead Hospital

Bullous Skin Disorders (BSD) Assist prof. Dr . Ali elethawi Specialist dermatologist C.A.B.D ,F .I .C.M.S

Hauttuberkulose. Helmut Schöfer Universitätshautklinik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main.

Malignes melanom. 2015. Universitat Freiburg.

 

Skallethet

 

 

https://www.skypat.no/pathology/wp-admin/post.php?post=112&action=edit

Androgenetic alopecia

From Genetics Home Reference. Learn more

Description

Androgenetic alopecia is a common form of hair loss in both men and women. In men, this condition is also known as male-pattern baldness. Hair is lost in a well-defined pattern, beginning above both temples. Over time, the hairline recedes to form a characteristic “M” shape. Hair also thins at the crown (near the top of the head), often progressing to partial or complete baldness.

The pattern of hair loss in women differs from male-pattern baldness. In women, the hair becomes thinner all over the head, and the hairline does not recede. Androgenetic alopecia in women rarely leads to total baldness.

Androgenetic alopecia in men has been associated with several other medical conditions including coronary heart disease and enlargement of theprostate. Additionally,prostate cancer, disorders of insulin resistance (such as diabetes and obesity), and high blood pressure (hypertension) have been related to androgenetic alopecia. In women, this form of hair loss is associated with an increased risk ofpolycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS). PCOS is characterized by a hormonal imbalance that can lead to irregular menstruation, acne, excess hair elsewhere on the body (hirsutism), and weight gain.

Frequency

Androgenetic alopecia is a frequent cause of hair loss in both men and women. This form of hair loss affects an estimated 50 million men and 30 million women in the United States. Androgenetic alopecia can start as early as a person’s teens and risk increases with age; more than 50 percent of men over age 50 have some degree of hair loss. In women, hair loss is most likely after menopause.

Causes

A variety of genetic and environmental factors likely play a role in causing androgenetic alopecia. Although researchers are studying risk factors that may contribute to this condition, most of these factors remain unknown. Researchers have determined that this form of hair loss is related to hormones called androgens, particularly an androgen called dihydrotestosterone. Androgens are important for normal male sexual development before birth and during puberty. Androgens also have other important functions in both males and females, such as regulating hair growth and sex drive.

Hair growth begins under the skin in structures calledfollicles. Each strand of hair normally grows for 2 to 6 years, goes into a resting phase for several months, and then falls out. The cycle starts over when the follicle begins growing a new hair. Increased levels of androgens in hair follicles can lead to a shorter cycle of hair growth and the growth of shorter and thinner strands of hair. Additionally, there is a delay in the growth of new hair to replace strands that are shed.

Although researchers suspect that several genes play a role in androgenetic alopecia, variations in only one gene,AR, have been confirmed in scientific studies. TheARgene provides instructions for making a protein called an androgen receptor. Androgen receptors allow the body to respond appropriately to dihydrotestosterone and other androgens. Studies suggest that variations in theARgene lead to increased activity of androgen receptors in hair follicles. It remains unclear, however, how these genetic changes increase the risk of hair loss in men and women with androgenetic alopecia.

Researchers continue to investigate the connection between androgenetic alopecia and other medical conditions, such as coronary heart disease and prostate cancer in men and polycystic ovary syndrome in women. They believe that some of these disorders may be associated with elevated androgen levels, which may help explain why they tend to occur with androgen-related hair loss. Other hormonal, environmental, and genetic factors that have not been identified also may be involved.

Inheritance

The inheritance pattern of androgenetic alopecia is unclear because many genetic and environmental factors are likely to be involved. This condition tends to cluster in families, however, and having a close relative with patterned hair loss appears to be a risk factor for developing the condition.

Other Names for This Condition

  • Androgenic alopecia
  • Female pattern baldness
  • Male pattern alopecia
  • Male pattern baldness
  • Pattern baldness

Additional Information & Resources

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center


Androgenetic alopeciais a common form of hair loss in both men and women. In men, hair is usually lost in a well-defined pattern, beginning above both temples and is usually referred to asmale-pattern baldness. Over time, the hairline recedes to form a characteristic ‘M’ shape. Hair also thins near the top of the head, often progressing to partial or complete baldness. The pattern of hair loss in women differs from men (female pattern hair loss). In women, the hair becomes thinner all over the head, and the hairline does not recede. Androgenetic alopecia in women rarely leads to total baldness. A variety of genetic andenvironmental factorslikely play a role in causing this condition.Mutationsin theAR gene have also been associated with androgenetic alopecia.[1]

Last updated: 8/19/2011

In addition tomale-pattern baldness, androgenetic alopecia in men has been associated with several other medical conditions includingcoronary heart disease andenlargement of the prostate. Additionally,prostate cancer, disorders of insulin resistance (such as diabetes and obesity), andhigh blood pressure(hypertension) have been related to androgenetic alopecia in men. In women, androgenetic alopecia is associated with an increased risk ofpolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is characterized by a hormonal imbalance that can lead to irregularmenstruation, acne, excess body hair (hirsutism), and weight gain.[1]
Last updated: 8/19/2011

This table lists symptoms that people with this disease may have. For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called theHuman Phenotype Ontology (HPO). The HPO collects information on symptoms that have been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access more in-depth information about a symptom.

Showing2of2
Medical Terms Other Names
Learn More:
HPO ID
Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available through HPO
Alopecia
Hair loss
0001596
Sex-limitedautosomal dominant 0001470
Showing2of2
Last updated: 2/1/2021

Only 2 drugs currently have US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved indications for treatment of androgenetic alopecia:[2]

Minoxidil: Appears to lengthen the duration of the anagen phase (the active growth phase of hair follicles), and it may increase the blood supply to the follicle. Regrowth is better at the top of the head than in the front areas and is not noted for at least 4 months. It is used as a 2% or a 5% solution that rubs into the scalp and the 5% solution may work better. However, if the treatment is stopped the baldness returns. It works better in patients who just starting having the alopecia and who have small areas of hair loss.

Finasteride: It can only be used in men and is better for balding at the top of the head. If the treatment is stopped the baldness returns. It cannot be used in women who are still able to have children because it can result in ambiguous genitalia in male babies and it does not seem to be effective in women. The doses are about 1 mg daily by mouth.

Minoxidil use for several months can result in an eye condition known ascentral chorioretinopathy(aneye diseasethat lead to temporary visual impairment) , which can go back to normal after 1 months of not using the drug. Finasteride has no known side effects in men, according to several studies, but it cannot be used in women who are still trying to have children because it may produce fetal genital malformations.[2]

Every patient is unique and only the doctor can evaluate and determine the best treatment.

Some drugs that are not approved by the FDA but may be helpful are:[2][3]

Spironalactone: In women with androgenetic alopecia.
Oral contraceptives: In women.
Dutasteride: Is currently in study.
Topicallatanoprost0.1% is currently used to treatglaucomaand using it results in an increase of eyelashes. Some studies have shown that this medication could be useful for stimulating hair follicle activity and treating hair loss.
Follistatin, a humancellderived medication is also in study.

Also, low-level laser light therapy, a red light hairbrush–like device has shown some good results.

Surgical treatment of androgenetic alopecia has good cosmetic results. The main problem is covering the bald area with donor plugs (or follicles) sufficient in number to be effective. Micrografting produces a more natural appearance than the old technique of transplanting plugs.

It is important for the patients with androgenetic alopecia to be evaluated for treatable causes of “telogen effluvium” (diffuse hair shedding, often starting suddenly) likeanemiaor hypothyroidism, especially in patients who had a rapid progress of their disease or a sudden start of the disease. The following treatment options are recommended for women by some experts:[2]

Spironolactone andcyproterone acetate
Finasteride
Minoxidil.

These treatments are most effective when started early.

Patient Support and Advocacy Resources

Research Studies from ClinicalTrials.gov

Scientific Articles on PubMed

References

  • Amoretti A, Laydner H, Bergfeld W. Androgenetic alopecia and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 Jun;68(6):937-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.11.034. Epub 2013 Feb 8. Review.Citation on PubMed
  • Hillmer AM, Hanneken S, Ritzmann S, Becker T, Freudenberg J, Brockschmidt FF, Flaquer A, Freudenberg-Hua Y, Jamra RA, Metzen C, Heyn U, Schweiger N, Betz RC, Blaumeiser B, Hampe J, Schreiber S, Schulze TG, Hennies HC, Schumacher J, Propping P, Ruzicka T, Cichon S, Wienker TF, Kruse R, Nothen MM. Genetic variation in the human androgen receptor gene is the major determinant of common early-onset androgenetic alopecia. Am J Hum Genet. 2005 Jul;77(1):140-8. Epub 2005 May 18.Citation on PubMedorFree article on PubMed Central
  • Levy-Nissenbaum E, Bar-Natan M, Frydman M, Pras E. Confirmation of the association between male pattern baldness and the androgen receptor gene. Eur J Dermatol. 2005 Sep-Oct;15(5):339-40.Citation on PubMed
  • Quinn M, Shinkai K, Pasch L, Kuzmich L, Cedars M, Huddleston H. Prevalence of androgenic alopecia in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and characterization of associated clinical and biochemical features. Fertil Steril. 2014 Apr;101(4):1129-34. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.01.003. Epub 2014 Feb 15.Citation on PubMed
  • Schweiger ES, Boychenko O, Bernstein RM. Update on the pathogenesis, genetics and medical treatment of patterned hair loss. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010 Nov;9(11):1412-9. Review.Citation on PubMed
  • Yazdan P. Update on the genetics of androgenetic alopecia, female pattern hair loss, and alopecia areata: implications for molecular diagnostic testing. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2012 Dec;31(4):258-66. doi: 10.1016/j.sder.2012.08.003. Review. Retraction in: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2015 Mar;34(1):48.Citation on PubMed
  • Zhuo FL, Xu W, Wang L, Wu Y, Xu ZL, Zhao JY. Androgen receptor gene polymorphisms and risk for androgenetic alopecia: a meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2012 Mar;37(2):104-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04186.x. Epub 2011 Oct 10. Review.Citation on PubMed

 

https://dental.tufts.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/Aging-Skin-Histology-physiology-and-pathology.pdf

Aging Skin: Histology,
Physiology, and
Pathology  Jeannie Khavkin, MDa,*, David A.F. Ellis, MD, FRCSCa,b